首次注意到肿瘤坏死因子TNF的存在，是因为观察到癌症患者在细菌感染后偶尔表现出肿瘤的自发消退。后续1960年代的研究表明，响应细菌产物而产生的宿主相关（或内源性）介体可能与观察到的效应有关。1975年，发现一种细菌诱导的循环因子对植入小鼠皮肤的肿瘤具有很强的抗肿瘤活性，称其为肿瘤坏死因子（TNF），随后该基因被分离，克隆，成为一个与免疫调节和炎症有关的分子家族的原型。
一、人类和小鼠中TNF配体/受体超家族成员
在哺乳动物中，TNF配体超家族（TNFSF）通过TNF受体超家族（TNFRSF）的成员发出信号，激活在发育、器官发生、细胞死亡和存活中起生物学作用的信号通路。最早发现的TNFSF成员是TNF和淋巴毒素α（Ltα）。随着人类和小鼠基因组大规模测序的完成，几乎所有的TNFSF和TNFRSF成员现在都被鉴定出来。在人类（表1）和小鼠（表2）中都有19个TNF配体。需要注意，一些序号例如TNFSF16/17是没有对应基因的，我们没有追溯原因。另外，TNFSF12-TNFSF13是由TNFSF12的细胞质和跨膜结构域与TNFSF13的C端结构域融合而成的杂交蛋白。该杂交蛋白膜锚定并在细胞表面呈现TNFSF13的受体结合域。
TNFSF配体是具有细胞内N端和细胞外C端结构域的Ⅱ型膜结合蛋白。在人类和小鼠中描述的19种已知配体中，有11种编码蛋白水解裂解位点，产生具有生物活性的可溶性形式。在C末端，它们包含TNF同源结构域（THD）。配体成员之间的保守性较弱（20–30%），THD结构能够将每个TNF配体组装成锥形三聚体。
表1. 人类中TNF配体超家族成员
| Name | Location | Aliases | MIM* |
| TNFSF1 | Chromosome 6, NC_000006.12 (31560550..31574324) | TNFSF1B, TNFB, LTA, LT, TNLG1E | 153440 |
| TNFSF2 | Chromosome 6, NC_000006.12 (31575565..31578336) | TNFSF1A, TNFA, DIF-alpha, TNLG1F, TNF | 191160 |
| TNFSF3 | Chromosome 6, NC_000006.12 (31580558..31582425, complement) | LTB, TNFC, TNFSF3, TNLG1C, p33 | 600978 |
| TNFSF4 | Chromosome 1, NC_000001.11 (173183729..173462208, complement) | CD134L, CD252, GP34,
OX-40L, OX4OL, TNLG2B, TXGP1 |
603594 |
| TNFSF5 | Chromosome X, NC_000023.11 (136648158..136660390) | CD154, CD40L, CD40LG, HIGM1, IGM, IMD3, T-BAM, TNFSF5, TRAP, gp39, hCD40L | 300386 |
| TNFSF6 | Chromosome 1, NC_000001.11 (172659103..172666876) | ALPS1B, APT1LG1, APTL, CD178, CD95-L, CD95L, FASL, FASLG, TNFSF6, TNLG1A | 134638 |
| TNFSF7 | Chromosome 19, NC_000019.10 (6581648..6591150, complement) | CD27-L, CD27L, CD27LG, CD70, LPFS3, TNFSF7, TNLG8A | 602840 |
| TNFSF8 | Chromosome 9, NC_000009.12 (114893343..114930674, complement) | CD153, CD30L, CD30LG, TNLG3A | 603875 |
| TNFSF9 | Chromosome 19, NC_000019.10 (6531026..6535924) | 4-1BB-L,
CD137L, TNLG5A |
606182 |
| TNFSF10 | Chromosome 3, NC_000003.12 (172505508..172523430, complement) | APO2L, Apo-2L, CD253, TL2, TNLG6A, TRAIL | 603598 |
| TNFSF11 | Chromosome 13, NC_000013.11 (42562736..42608013) | CD254, ODF, OPGL, OPTB2, RANKL, TNLG6B, TRANCE, hRANKL2, sOdf | 602642 |
| TNFSF12 | Chromosome 17, NC_000017.11 (7549058..7557881) | APO3L, DR3LG, TNLG4A, TWEAK | 602695 |
| TNFSF12-TNFSF13 | Chromosome 17, NC_000017.11 (7549058..7561601) | TWE-PRIL | |
| TNFSF13 | Chromosome 17, NC_000017.11 (7558282..7561601) | APRIL, CD256, TALL-2, TALL2, TNLG7B, TRDL-1, UNQ383/PRO715, ZTNF2 | 604472 |
| TNFSF13B | Chromosome 13, NC_000013.11 (108268240..108308484) | BAFF, BLYS, CD257, DTL, TALL-1, TALL1, THANK, TNFSF20, TNLG7A, ZTNF4 | 603969 |
| TNFSF14 | Chromosome 19, NC_000019.10 (6658126..6670595, complement) | CD258, HVEML, LIGHT, LTg | 604520 |
| TNFSF15 | Chromosome 9, NC_000009.12 (114784635..114806039, complement) | TL1, TL1A, TNLG1B, VEGI, VEGI192A | 604052 |
| TNFSF18 | Chromosome 1, NC_000001.11 (173039202..173050941, complement) | AITRL, GITRL, TL6, TNLG2A, hGITRL | 603898 |
| EDA | Chromosome X, NC_000023.11 (69616086..70039472) | ECTD1, ED1, ED1-A1, ED1-A2-A1, EDA-A2, EDA1, EDA2, HED, HED1, ODT1, STHAGX1, TNLG7C, XHED, XLHED, EDA | 300451 |
*在线人类孟德尔遗传数据库OMIM（https://omim.org/entry/）中该基因编号。
表2. 小鼠中的TNF配体超家族成员
| Name | Location | Aliases |
| TNFSF1 | Chromosome 17, NC_000083.7 (35422141..35424568, complement) | Tnfsf1b, Lta, L, LT, LT-, LT-[, LT-[a], LT-alpha, LT[, LT[a], LTalpha, Ltx, TNF-be, TNF-beta, TNFSF1, Tnf, Tnfb, Tnfsf, Tnlg1e, hlb38, hlb382, lymph |
| TNFSF2 | Chromosome 17, NC_000083.7 (35418343..35420983, complement) | Tnfsf1a, DI, DIF, TNF-, TNF-a, TNF-alpha, TNFalpha, Tna, Tnfs, Tnlg1f, Tnf |
| TNFSF3 | Chromosome 17, NC_000083.7 (35413483..35415281) | Ltb, AI662801, LTbe, LTbeta, Tnf, Tnfc, Tnfs, Tnfsf3, Tnlg1c, p3, p33 |
| TNFSF4 | Chromosome 1, NC_000067.7 (161223009..161245777) | Ath, Ath-, Ath-1, Ath1, CD134, CD134L, OX-40L, OX4, Ox40l, TXGP1, Tnlg2b, Txgp, Txgp1l, gp3, gp34 |
| TNFSF5 | Chromosome X, NC_000086.8 (56257503..56269402) | CD154, CD40-L, Cd40, Cd40l, Cd40lg, HIGM, HIGM1, IGM, IMD, IMD3, Ly-6, Ly-62, Ly62, T-BA, T-BAM, TRAP, Tnfs, Tnfsf5, Tnlg8b, gp3, gp39 |
| TNFSF6 | Chromosome 1, NC_000067.7 (161608260..161616064, complement) | APT1, APT1LG1, CD178, CD95, CD95-L, CD95L, F, Fa, Fas-Lg, Tnfs, Tnfsf6, Tnlg1a, gld, Fasl |
| TNFSF7 | Chromosome 17, NC_000083.7 (57452997..57456777, complement) | CD27LG, Cd27l, Tnfs, CD70, Tnfsf7, Tnlg8a |
| TNFSF8 | Chromosome 4, NC_000070.7 (63749439..63779745, complement) | CD153, CD30LG, Cd30, Cd30l, Tnlg3a |
| TNFSF9 | Chromosome 17, NC_000083.7 (57412113..57414757) | 4-1BB, 4-1BB-, 4-1BB-L, 4-1BBL, AI848817, Cd137, Cd137l, Ly6, Ly63l |
| TNFSF10 | Chromosome 3, NC_000069.7 (27371226..27393814) | A330042I21Rik, AI448571, AP,
APO-2L, Ly81, T, TL2, Tnlg6a, Trail |
| TNFSF11 | Chromosome 14, NC_000080.7 (78514886..78545483, complement) | Ly10, Ly109l, O, OD, ODF, OPGL,
R, RANKL, Tra, Trance |
| TNFSF12 | Chromosome 11, NC_000077.7 (69577066..69586924, complement) | A, Apo3l, DR, Dr3l, Dr3lg, Twea, Tweak |
| TNFSFm13 | Chromosome 11, NC_000077.7 (69573403..69586924, complement) | Tnfsf12-Tnfsf13, TWE-, Tnfsf12Tnfsf13, Tnfsf12tnfsf13, Twe-pril |
| TNFSF13 | Chromosome 11, NC_000077.7 (69573403..69576380, complement) | 2310026N09Rik, April, TA, TRD, Tall2, Tnlg7b, Trdl1 |
| TNFSF13b | Chromosome 8, NC_000074.7 (10056229..10086000) | BAF, BAFF, BL, BLyS, D8Ertd387, D8Ertd387e, TAL, TALL-1, TALL1, THANK, TNFSF20, Tnlg7a, zTNF, zTNF4 |
| TNFSF14 | Chromosome 17, NC_000083.7 (57496474..57501181, complement) | HVEM, HVEM-L, HVEML, LIG, LIGHT, LTg, Ly113, Tnlg1d |
| TNFSF15 | Chromosome 4, NC_000070.7 (63642837..63663296, complement) | TL, Tl1, Tl1a, Tnlg1b, VE, Vegi |
| TNFSF18 | Chromosome 1, NC_000067.7 (161322226..161332859) | Gi, Gitrl, Tnlg2a |
| Eda | Chromosome X, NC_000086.8 (99019212..99444366) | EDA1, Ed1-, Eda-A1, Eda-A2, HED, Ta, Tnlg7c, XLHED, tabby, Eda |
迄今为止，在哺乳动物中已鉴定出29种TNF受体，这些受体的主要特征是有一个富含半胱氨酸的结构域（CRD），由围绕CXXCXXC核心基序的三个二硫键组成，形成一个拉长的分子。家族成员中CRD的数量从BAFFR（TNFRSF13C）或BCMA（TNFRSF17）只包含一个CRD到CD30（TNFRSF8）包含六个CRD。这些受体多数是Ⅰ型膜蛋白，其中BAFFR（TNFRSF13C）、BCMA（TNFRSF17）、TACI（TNFRSF13B）和XEDAR（TNFRSF27）是Ⅲ型膜蛋白，OPG（TNFRSF11B）和DcR3（TNFRSF6B）是分泌型的。一般来说，一个三聚体配体与三个单体受体结合。人类中所有TNF家族受体成员列于表3，小鼠的列于表4。
表3. 人类中TNF家族受体成员
| Name | Location | Aliases | MIM |
| TNFRSF1A | Chromosome 12, NC_000012.12 (6328771..6342076, complement) | CD120a, FPF, TBP1, TNF-R, TNF-R-I, TNF-R55, TNFAR, TNFR1, TNFR55, TNFR60, p55, p55-R, p60 | 191190 |
| TNFRSF1B | Chromosome 1, NC_000001.11 (12166948..12209222) | CD120b, TBPII, TNF-R-II, TNF-R75, TNFBR, TNFR1B, TNFR2, TNFR80, p75, p75TNFR | 191191 |
| TNFRSF3 | Chromosome 12, NC_000012.12 (6375160..6391571) | LTBR, D12S370, LT-BETA-R, TNF-R-III, TNFCR, TNFR-RP, TNFR2-RP, TNFR3, TNFRSF3 | 600979 |
| TNFRSF4 | Chromosome 1, NC_000001.11 (1211326..1216812, complement) | ACT35, CD134, IMD16, OX40, TXGP1L | 600315 |
| TNFRSF5 | Chromosome 20, NC_000020.11 (46118242..46129858) | CD40, Bp50, CDW40, TNFRSF5, p50 | 109535 |
| TNFRSF6 | Chromosome 10, NC_000010.11 (88968429..89017059) | ALPS1A, APO-1, APT1, CD951, FASTM, TNFRSF6, FAS | 134637 |
| TNFRSF6B | Chromosome 20, NC_000020.11 (63696652..63698684) | DCR3, DJ583P15.1.1, M68, M68E, TR6 | 603361 |
| TNFRSF7 | Chromosome 12, NC_000012.12 (6444867..6451718) | CD27, S152, S152. LPFS2, T14, TNFRSF7, Tp55 | 186711 |
| TNFRSF8 | Chromosome 1, NC_000001.11 (12063303..12144213) | CD30, D1S166E, Ki-1 | 153243 |
| TNFRSF9 | Chromosome 1, NC_000001.11 (7915871..7941607, complement) | 4-1BB, CD137, CDw137, ILA | 602250 |
| TNFRSF10A | Chromosome 8, NC_000008.11 (23190452..23225102, complement) | APO2, CD261, DR4, TRAILR-1, TRAILR1 | 603611 |
| TNFRSF10B | Chromosome 8, NC_000008.11 (23020133..23069031, complement) | CD262, DR5, KILLER, KILLER/DR5, TRAIL-R2, TRAILR2, TRICK2, TRICK2A, TRICK2B, TRICKB, ZTNFR9 | 603612 |
| TNFRSF10C | Chromosome 8, NC_000008.11 (23102921..23117445) | CD263, DCR1, DCR1-TNFR, LIT, TRAIL-R3, TRAILR3, TRID | 603613 |
| TNFRSF10D | Chromosome 8, NC_000008.11 (23135588..23164027, complement) | CD264, DCR2, TRAIL-R4, TRAILR4, TRUNDD | 603614 |
| TNFRSF11A | Chromosome 18, NC_000018.10 (62325310..62391288) | CD265, FEO, LOH18CR1, ODFR, OFE, OPTB7, OSTS, PDB2, RANK, TRANCER | 603499 |
| TNFRSF11B | Chromosome 8, NC_000008.11 (118923557..118951885, complement) | OCIF, OPG, PDB5, TR1 | 602643 |
| TNFRSF12A | Chromosome 16, NC_000016.10 (3020368..3022383) | CD266, FN14, TWEAKR | 605914 |
| TNFRSF13B | Chromosome 17, NC_000017.11 (16939081..16972118, complement) | CD267, CVID, CVID2, IGAD2, RYZN, TACI, TNFRSF14B | 604907 |
| TNFRSF13C | Chromosome 22, NC_000022.11 (41922032..41926806, complement) | BAFF-R, BAFFR, BROMIX, CD268, CVID4, prolixin | 606269 |
| TNFRSF14 | Chromosome 1, NC_000001.11 (2556371..2563829) | ATAR, CD270, HVEA, HVEM, LIGHTR, TR2 | 602746 |
| TNFRSF16 | Chromosome 17, NC_000017.11 (49495293..49515008) | NGFR, CD271, Gp80-LNGFR, TNFRSF16, p75(NTR), p75NTR | 162010 |
| TNFRSF17 | Chromosome 16, NC_000016.10 (11965210..11968068) | BCM, BCMA, CD269, TNFRSF13A | 109545 |
| TNFRSF18 | Chromosome 1, NC_000001.11 (1203508..1207901, complement) | AITR, CD357, ENERGEN, GITR, GITR-D | 603905 |
| TNFRSF19 | Chromosome 13, NC_000013.11 (23570248..23676093) | TAJ, TAJ-alpha, TRADE, TROY | 606122 |
| TNFRSF19L | Chromosome 11, NC_000011.10 (73376395..73397474) | RELT, AI3C, TNFRSF19L, TRLT | 611211 |
| TNFRSF21 | Chromosome 6, NC_000006.12 (47231532..47309910, complement) | BM-018, CD358, DR6 | 605732 |
| TNFRSF25 | Chromosome 1, NC_000001.11 (6460786..6466173, complement) | APO-3, DDR3, DR3, GEF720, LARD, PLEKHG5, TNFRSF12, TR3, TRAMP, WSL-1, WSL-LR | 603366 |
| TNFRSF27 | Chromosome X, NC_000023.11 (66594384..66639303, complement) | EDAR2, EDA-A2R, EDAA2R, TNFRSF27, XEDAR | 300276 |
| EDAR | Chromosome 2, NC_000002.12 (108894471..108989256, complement) | EDAR, DL, ECTD10A, ECTD10B, ED1R, ED3, ED5, EDA-A1R, EDA1R, EDA3, HRM1 | 604095 |
表4. 小鼠中TNF受体超家族成员
| Name | Location | Aliases |
| TNFRSF1A | Chromosome 6, NC_000072.7 (125326686..125339446) | CD120, CD120a, FPF, TN, TNF-, TNF-R, TNF-R-I, TNF-R1, TNF-R55, TNF-a, TNF-alphaR1, TNFAR, TNFR, TNFR60, TNFRI, TNFRp55, TNFal, TNFalpha-R1, Tnf, Tnfr-2, Tnfr1, p5, p55, p55-R |
| TNFRSF1B | Chromosome 4, NC_000070.7 (144938938..144973453, complement) | CD120b, TN, TNF-, TNF-R, TNF-R-II, TNF-R2, TNF-R75, TNF-a, TNF-alphaR2, TNFBR, TNFR, TNFR80, TNFRII, TNFal, TNFalpha-R2, Tnf, Tnfr-1, Tnfr2, p7, p75 |
| TNFRSF3 | Chromosome 6, NC_000072.7 (125283534..125291026, complement) | Ltbr, AI256028, L, LTbe, LTbetaR, Ltar, TN, TNF-, TNF-R-III, TNFCR, TNFR, TNFR-RP, TNFR2-RP, TNFRrp, Tnf, Tnfbr, Tnfrsf3 |
| TNFRSF4 | Chromosome 4, NC_000070.7 (156098049..156101070) | ACT3, ACT35, CD134, Ly-70, Ox4, Ox40, TXGP1L, Txgp, Txgp1 |
| TNFRSF5 | Chromosome 2, NC_000068.8 (164897535..164913574) | CD40, AI326936, Bp5, Bp50, GP39, HIGM1, IGM, IMD3, T-BAM, TRAP, Tnfr, Tnfrsf5, p5, p50 |
| TNFRSF6 | Chromosome 19, NC_000085.7 (34267926..34305175) | Fas, AI196731, AP, APO1, APT1, CD95, TNF, TNFR6, Tnfr, Tnfrsf6, lpr |
| TNFRSF7 | Chromosome 6, NC_000072.7 (125209583..125214014, complement) | CD27, S15, S152, Tnfr, Tnfrsf7, Tp5, Tp55 |
| TNFRSF8 | Chromosome 4, NC_000070.7 (144993702..145041734, complement) | Cd30, D1S166E, Ki, Ki-1 |
| TNFRSF9 | Chromosome 4, NC_000070.7 (151004612..151030561) | 4-1BB, A930040I11Rik, AA408498, AI325004, CDw137, Cd137, ILA, Ly6, Ly63 |
| TNFRSF10B | Chromosome 14, NC_000080.7 (70004921..70021860) | DR, DR5, KI, KILLER, Kille, Ly9, Ly98, MK, TR, TRA, TRAILR2, TRIC, TRICK, TRICK2A, TRICK2B, TRICKB |
| TNFRSF11A | Chromosome 1, NC_000067.7 (105708448..105777172) | Ly109, ODFR, OFE, R, Rank, TRAN, TRANCE-R, mRANK |
| TNFRSF11B | Chromosome 15, NC_000081.7 (54114014..54141880, complement) | O, OC, OCIF, Opg, TR, TR1 |
| TNFRSF12A | Chromosome 17, NC_000083.7 (23894419..23896423, complement) | AI255180, C87282, Fn1, Fn14, HPIP, TWEAK, TWEAK-R, Twea, TweakR |
| TNFRSF13B | Chromosome 11, NC_000077.7 (61017567..61040435) | 1200009E08Rik, Ta, Taci |
| TNFRSF13C | Chromosome 15, NC_000081.7 (82105943..82108581, complement) | 2010006P15Rik, BAFF, BAFF-R, Baf, Baffr, Bcmd, Bcmd-1, Bcmd1, Lv, Lvis22 |
| TNFRSF14 | Chromosome 4, NC_000070.7 (155002944..155013077, complement) | A, Atar, Hv, Hve, HveA, Hvem, TR2, Tnfrs14 |
| TNFRSF16 | Chromosome 11, NC_000077.7 (95459644..95478524, complement) | Ngfr, LN, LNGFR, Tnfrs, Tnfrsf16, p7, p75, p75N, p75NGFR, p75NTR |
| TNFRSF17 | Chromosome 16, NC_000082.7 (11131131..11137938) | BCM, BCMA, Tnfrs, Tnfrsf13, Tnfrsf13a |
| TNFRSF18 | Chromosome 4, NC_000070.7 (156110779..156113351) | AITR, Gi, Gitr |
| TNFRSF19 | Chromosome 14, NC_000080.7 (61201283..61284304, complement) | AL023044, AW123854, TA, TAJ, TAJ-, TAJ-ALPHA, TRA, TRADE, Tr, Troy |
| TNFRSF19l | Chromosome 7, NC_000073.7 (100495054..100512690, complement) | Relt, E430021K24Rik, Tnfrs, Tnfrsf19i |
| TNFRSF21 | Chromosome 17, NC_000083.7 (43327446..43400079) | AA959878, DR, DR6, R74815, TR, TR7 |
| TNFRSF22 | Chromosome 7, NC_000073.7 (143188545..143203412, complement) | 2810028K06Rik, C130035G06Rik, S, SOBa, Tnfr, Tnfrh2, Tnfrsf1al2, mDcTr, mDcTrailr2 |
| TNFRSF23 | Chromosome 7, NC_000073.7 (143219544..143239836, complement) | SOB, TNFRSFH23, Tnfr, Tnfrh1, Tnfrsf1al1, mDcTRAILR1, mDcTr, mS, mSOB |
| TNFRSF24 | Chromosome 7, NC_000073.7 (143161422..143181690, complement) | Tnfr, Tnfrh3, Tnfrsf26 |
| TNFRSF25 | Chromosome 4, NC_000070.7 (152199985..152204576) | AP, APO-3, DDR, DDR3, DR, DR3, L, LARD, TR, TR3, TRAMP, Tnfrs, Tnfrsf12, W, WS, WSL-1, WSL-LR, Wsl |
| TNFRSF27 | Chromosome X, NC_000086.8 (96377447..96420815, complement) | EDA2R, 9430060M22Rik, TNFRSF27, Xed, Xedar |
| Edar | Chromosome 10, NC_000076.7 (58436602..58511518, complement) | EDAR, ED1R, ED3, ED5, EDA-A1R, EDA3, dl |
多数配体形成非共价同源三聚体，但Ltβ（TNFSF3）与TNFβ（TNFSF1）形成异源三聚体，BAFF（TNFSF13B）与APRIL（TNFSF13）形成异源三聚体。TNF配体是膜锚定或可溶性三聚体，一般来说，一个三聚体配体与三个单体受体结合，激活细胞内信号通路。通过基于系统流式细胞术的分析，Bossen等人证明了调节小鼠和人类TNFSF–TNFRSF相互作用的机制。他们发现TNFSF配体与一到五种不同的受体结合，而大多数受体与一到三种配体结合。特别注意的是，他们观察到，尽管含有经典的CRD结构，但DR6（TNFRSF21）、RELT（TNFRSF19l）、TROY（TNFRSF19）和神经生长因子受体（NGFR，TNFRSF16）没有与任何TNFSF结合，因此表明它们要么与其他配体结合，要么以配体独立的方式发挥作用。后来的研究表明，NGFR结合了一种结构上不同的配体——神经营养素。
TNF超家族受体及配体结合情况见图1.
图1.TNF配体（左）和TNF受体（右）在两个独立但相互作用的细胞上表现为跨膜蛋白。垂直虚线代表这些细胞的质膜。LTα3（TNFSF1同源三聚体）不以膜结合形式出现并且可溶。DcR1通过脂质（GPI）锚定在质膜上。
二、TNF超家族功能
许多TNFRSF分子表达在免疫系统的细胞中，他们参与B细胞、T细胞、DK细胞等的发育、成熟、内稳态、活化、存活、分化；影响B细胞表达抗原或免疫反应调节因子的能力；参与淋巴组织的发育等过程（表5）。然而，它们的功能并不局限于免疫细胞，还与一系列病理生理有关，包括癌症、神经系统疾病、心血管疾病、肺疾病、自身免疫疾病和代谢疾病等，而且具有“双刃剑”的特性（图2，3）。
表5. TNF超家族成员的免疫学功能(摘自文献4)
图2. TNF家族分子与炎症和自身免疫性疾病的发生有关（摘自文献6）。
该图是使用TNF家族配体/受体缺乏的小鼠和/或用配体或受体的中和抗体治疗的野生型小鼠的数据汇编而成。
图3 TNF超家族成员的主要生理和病理效应。
不同的研究表明，尽管肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）及其超家族成员对造血、防止细菌感染、免疫监视和肿瘤消退（以绿色表示）至关重要，但其失调会导致各种疾病（以蓝色表示）。这种“双刃剑”的角色是肿瘤坏死因子超家族大多数成员的典型特征。
因此，一些以TNF或TNFR超家族分子为靶点的生物制剂正在进行自身免疫性、炎症性疾病和癌症的临床试验。TNF家族成员仍将是研究热点。
联科生物自主研发ELSIA试剂盒10年，向国际顶尖ELISA试剂盒看齐，质控严格，价格便宜。目前已开发的TNF超家族成员ELISA试剂盒如下，新品不断。欢迎垂询！
| 系统名称 | 目录号 | 产品名称 |
| TNFSF1 | EK1139 | Human TNF-β/Lymphotoxin-α ELISA Kit |
| TNFSF2 | EK182 | Human TNF-a ELISA Kit |
| TNFSF2 | EK182HS | Human TNF-α High Sensitivity ELISA Kit |
| TNFSF6 | EK1F02 | Human Fas Ligand/TNFSF6 ELISA Kit |
| TNFSF10 | EK1161 | Human TRAIL/TNFSF10 ELISA Kit |
| TNFSF11 | EK1208 | Human TRANCE/TNFSF11/RANKL ELISA Kit |
| TNFSF12 | EK1256 | Human TWEAK ELISA Kit |
| TNFSF13B | EK1102 | Human BAFF/BlyS/TNFSF13B ELISA Kit |
| TNFSF14 | EK1217 | Human CD258/LIGHT/TNFSF14 ELISA Kit |
| TNFSF15 | EK1268 | Human TL-1A/TNFSF15 ELISA Kit |
| TNFRSF1A | EK1109 | Human sTNF RI/TNFRSF1A ELISA Kit |
| TNFRSF1B | EK1123 | Human sTNF RII/TNFRSF1B ELISA Kit |
| TNFRSF6 | EK1F01 | Human Fas/TNFRSF6/CD95 ELISA Kit |
| TNFRSF8 | EK1311 | Human CD30/TNFRSF8 ELISA Kit |
| TNFRSF9 | EK1263 | Human 4-1BB/TNFRSF9/CD137 ELISA Kit |
| TNFSF2 | EK282/3 | Mouse TNF-a ELISA Kit |
| TNFSF2 | EK282HS | Mouse TNF-α High Sensitivity ELISA Kit |
| TNFSF10 | EK2161 | Mouse TRAIL/TNFSF10 ELISA Kit |
| TNFSF11 | EK2208 | Mouse TRANCE/TNFSF11/RANKL ELISA Kit |
| TNFSF13B | EK2102 | Mouse BAFF/BLyS/TNFSF13B ELISA Kit |
| TNFRSF6 | EK2F01 | Mouse Fas/TNFRSF6/CD95 ELISA Kit |
| TNFRSF8 | EK2311 | Mouse CD30/TNFRSF8 ELISA Kit |
| TNFSF2 | EK382/3 | Rat TNF-a ELISA Kit |
| TNFSF2 | EK382HS | Rat TNF-α High Sensitivity ELISA Kit |
| EK1157 | Human Pentraxin 3/TSG-14 ELISA Kit |
内容主要摘自：
- Ware CF. The TNF Superfamily-2008. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2008. 19(3-4):183-6.
- Dostert C et al. The TNF Family of Ligands and Receptors: Communication Modules in the Immune System and Beyond. Physiol Rev. 2019. 99(1):115-160.
- Sandip Sonar et al. Role of tumor necrosis factor superfamily in neuroinflammation and autoimmunity. Front. Immunol., 2015. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2015.00364
- Tafalla C, et al. Novel Insights on the Regulation of B Cell Functionality by Members of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily in Jawed Fish. Front Immunol. 2018. 9:1285.
- Bharat B Aggarwal. Signaling pathways of the TNF superfamily: a double-edged sword. Review Nat Rev Immunol. 2003 Sep;3(9):745-56.
- Michael Croft et al. TNF superfamily in inflammatory disease: translating basic insights. Review Trends Immunol. 2012. 33(3):144-52.
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- EK282
- ELISA试剂盒
Mouse TNF-a ELISA Kit检测试剂盒（酶联免疫吸附法）
- ¥1,600.00 – ¥10,800.00
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- EK206
- ELISA试剂盒
Mouse IL-6 ELISA Kit检测试剂盒（酶联免疫吸附法）
- ¥1,600.00 – ¥10,800.00
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- EK106
- ELISA试剂盒
Human IL-6 ELISA Kit检测试剂盒（酶联免疫吸附法）
- ¥1,600.00 – ¥10,800.00
