Dynamic changes of innate lymphoid cells in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and its association with clinical outcomes

An increasing body of evidence has implicated the innate immune system in the causation of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are newly identified members of the lymphoid lineage that are important effectors of innate immunity. The role of ILCs in STEMI has not been explored. We characterized the ILCs present in peripheral blood of 176 STEMI patients and 52 controls. Patients were followed up for up to 23 months. Flow cytometry showed that the proportion of total ILCs and ILC1s were significantly increased compared with controls; contrary to ILC1s, the proportion of ILC2s among total ILCs decreased significantly during the acute phase of STEMI. ILC1s percentage was an independent predictor of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). On multivariate Cox regression, the 3^rd tertile of ILC1s was associated with a higher MACE rate compared with the 1^st tertile (hazard ratio: 2.26; 95% confidence interval 1.56-3.27; P = 0.014). RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) revealed increased expressions of interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), and matrix metallopeptidase 9. Moreover, as active factors secreted by ILC1s, levels of interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-18 were significantly increased in STEMI patients. Increased ILC1s in patients with STEMI was associated with poor outcomes. Our findings suggest that ILC1s may play an important role in STEMI.