Lymph node targeting strategy using a hydrogel sustained-release system to load effector memory T cells improves the anti-tumor efficacy of anti-PD-1

Communication between tumors and lymph nodes carries substantial significance for antitumor immunotherapy. Remodeling the immune microenvironment of tumor-draining lymph nodes (TdLN) plays a key role in enhancing the anti-tumor ability of immunotherapy. In this study, we constructed a biomimetic artificial lymph node structure composed of F127 hydrogel loading effector memory T (T EM ) cells and PD-1 inhibitors (aPD-1). The biomimetic lymph nodes facilitate the delivery of T EM cells and aPD-1 to the TdLN and the tumor immune microenvironment, thus realizing effective and sustained anti-tumor immunotherapy. Exploiting their unique gel-forming and degradation properties, the cold tumors were speedily transformed into hot tumors via T EM cell supplementation. Meanwhile, the efficacy of aPD-1 was markedly elevated compared with conventional drug delivery methods. Our finding suggested that the development of F127@T EM @aPD-1 holds promising potential as a future novel clinical drug delivery technique. Statement of significance F127@T EM @aPD-1 show unique advantages in cancer treatment. When injected subcutaneously, F127@T EM @aPD-1 can continuously supplement T EM cells and aPD-1 to tumor draining lymph nodes (TdLN) and the tumor microenvironment, not only improving the efficacy of ICB therapy through slow release, but also exhibiting dual regulatory effects on the tumor and TdLN.

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